A Review of the Hydraulic Fracturing in Ductile Reservoirs: Theory, Simulation, and Experiment

The bottom-hole pressure of hydraulic fracturing in ductile reservoirs is much higher than that the simulation, and fracture toughness inferred from field data 1–3 orders magnitude measured laboratory. rock apparent increases with increase confining pressure. Excluding influence fluid viscosity lag on toughness, process zone (FPZ) at tip can explain difference between laboratory field. passivated by plastic deformation, forming a wide short fracture. However, size FPZ obtained order centimeters to decimeters, while an 10 m speculated affected property, grain size, pore fluid, temperature, loading rate, configuration. It found has effect tends disappear when specimen reaches scale meters. this cannot fully experience practice. behavior also relation length. type II mixed for poorly understood. At present, model cohesive (CZM) are most suitable criteria propagation reservoirs, but they characterize deformation fracturing. elastic-plastic constitutive needs be used stress–strain need developed.